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For the info on why there are different descriptions of carbs: https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/how-understand-and-use-nutrition-facts-label
As to what various carbohydrates do? That's a biochemistry semester, mate, but a quick look can be had here: https://rimgo.vern.cc/0EQF3.jpg
with a simplified version here: https://i.pinimg.com/originals/55/8f/f3/558ff3406b063c99f1868ef903217be9.jpg
Here's a medium complexity: https://redlib.nadeko.net/img/yepntxvf89t71.jpg
If I'm going to give you a short, two sentence summary? Most organic molecules in the body can be broken down to a two carbon molecule attached to a coenzyme that we call acetyl CoA, and that can be used to build most products in the body when combined with other substances like nitrogen and sulfur. Carbohydrates typically go down one of three paths, either 1.) broken down to pyruvate before entering the Kreb cycle, where we produce most of our energy, 2.) broken down to pyruvate and then switched over to acetyl CoA and used to build lipids (fats), typically as a triglyceride, or 3.) shunted through the pentose pathway and used for various purposes, including killing pathogens and building/modifying nucleic acids.