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Ace covered it well enough, and I think you can find their "shelf life" using the math Hawking came up with to predict when a certain mass black hole will be fully evaporated. How accurately I'm not sure.
The actual form of the radiation emmited back into space from evaporation depends on the mass IIRC. So stellar to supermassive would show up as photons and neutrinos. As they shrink they get hotter for some reason (I'm just a layperson too) and then could emit stuff like electrons, muons, etc. Evaporation also accelerates as the black hole mass shrinks.
Not sure what happens when the black hole reaches the mass of something that's not a black hole like a Neutron Star. Does the black hole singularity explode? Don't know. That's one idea vs just shrinking until it winks out of existence.
The evaporation increases because spacetime is bent more rapidly by smaller black holes than big ones. It's the same reason you can enter a supermassive black hole without being spaghettified, because the curvature never reaches a point where there's a huge difference between your feet and head, sort of thing.
That curvature drives the evaporation rate, because the particles flying off are virtual particles whos partner fell in to the black hole with it flying outward. That happens far less often when the curvature is so low that any given point around the black hole is almost flat spacetime.