Canada

I am a P. Eng. in Ontario, Canada. It's "Professional Engineer" license. As someone else has mentioned, you can be a mechanical engineer, a software engineer, an electrical engineer etc and a P. Eng. The requirement for P. Eng is passing an Engineering Ethics exam, receiving an engineering degree from accepted universities/college (doesn't have to be a Canadian school) and completing an certain number of years of Canadian engineering work experience (ie. the work must be qualified as engineering type work, and must be in Canada). Now, I received my P. Eng more than a decade ago so the rules may or may not change.

Professional Engineers of Ontario (PEO) is our organization which regulates the exams and licensing. It is also a sort of watch dog which ensures that engineers are ethical and don't cut corners. PEO also provides networking (they may organize a plant tour or conferences etc) and volunteering activities for engineers. We, engineers, pay annual fees/dues to PEO but if you work for an engineering company, your company may pay your dues for you.

In the United States, it's loose. A PE license is required to stamp plans, which is very important if you're a civil engineer working on buildings or infrastructure or an electrical engineer working on utilities.

That said if you're a mechanical engineer, you probably aren't going to work on anything that requires you to be a PE. (Though the Federal Aviation Administration has the DER [Designated Engineering Representative] qualification, which is separate from the PE but useful in aviation.) Because of that, most mechanical engineers don't bother. The same is true for a lot of disciplines.

That said, this guy didn't get his undergrad degree in mechanical engineering and worked as a millwright. At that point, we're definitely stretching what counts as an engineer.

The answer is that it depends on Province.

It seems that Quebec is particularly strict here, with Microsoft losing a battle to use the term "Engineers" over two decades ago, https://www.canadianconsultingengineer.com/quebec-order-of-engineers-wins-legal-battle-with-microsoft/

Similarly, it seems there was a lot of activity a couple of years ago in Alberta to protect the term as per https://edmonton.taproot.news/news/2022/10/17/tech-leaders-seek-easing-of-rules-around-software-engineer-designation - with the result that the law is being changed to explicitly exempt "software engineer" from protection as per https://globalnews.ca/news/10084623/engineers-canada-urges-alberta-to-reconsider-change-to-rules-around-engineer-title/

In Ontario specifically - which is the most populated province of Canada - my layman's reading of https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90p28 12 (1),

When licences or certificates required

Licensing requirement

No person shall engage in the practice of professional engineering or hold himself, herself or itself out as engaging in the practice of professional engineering unless the person is the holder of a licence, a temporary licence, a provisional licence or a limited licence.

Similarly, looking at https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/s10016 5(1)

“practice of professional engineering” means any act of planning, designing, composing, evaluating, advising, reporting, directing or supervising that requires the application of engineering principles and concerns the safeguarding of life, health, property, economic interests, the public welfare or the environment, or the managing of any such act; (“exercice de la profession d’ingénieur”)

And from https://www.peo.on.ca/public-protection/complaints-and-illegal-practice/report-unlicensed-individuals-or-companies-2#software

where use of the software impacts the health, safety or property of its users. PEO considers non-licensed use of “Software Engineer” to be a violation of our Act.

But most software development is not, for example, directly related to health & safety.

Basically in Ontario it seems "professional engineer" is the main regulated term, and "engineer" is only restricted in a subset of limited cases. (Note that this might be a relatively recent change though - the Professional Engineers Act is dated to 1990, but the Open for Business Act from 2010 made a number of changes to it. And it's specific to just Ontario.)

Edit: Now it seems that the Ontario branch of Engineers Canada, Professional Engineers Ontario, isn't quite happy with this state of affairs. They make their case here, https://www.peo.on.ca/public-protection/complaints-and-illegal-practice/report-unlicensed-individuals-or-companies in the "Software engineering and misleading certifications" section near the bottom:

PEO has taken action against the use of the term "engineer" by several software companies. PEO negotiated with Banyan Systems to revise its training materials to replace the term "Certified Banyan Engineer" with "CBE". PEO also requested that Microsoft Canada Inc., replace the terms "Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer" and "Microsoft Certified Professional Systems Engineer" with alternate terms that do not use the word "engineer", to avoid violating the Professional Engineers Act and trademark legislation.

On July 25, 2002 Microsoft Canada announced that they will continue to use the term 'engineer' as part of the Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE) designation.

The rest of the page is just about how to report misuse of the "professional engineer" term, e.g.

use the title "professional engineer" or an abbreviation or variation as an occupational designation

It's quite telling then that the vast majority of jobs in Canada with the title "Network Engineer" are for companies based in Ontario, at least looking at https://ca.indeed.com/q-network-engineer-jobs.html?vjk=4d0293c813a90300

There are other cases of courts declaring engineering to be unprotected, see for example https://www.smartbiggar.ca/insights/publication/canadian-council-of-professional-engineers-fails-to-prevent-registration-of-engineering-mark

In practice, you still see people calling themselves "network engineers" and "software engineers" in Canada, even without a P.Eng

A lot of people do use the term loosely even though it's illegal to do so here, but then there are some people who use the term Network Architect instead.

Generally, we have levels of technical expertise based on how many years of schooling you did.

• Technician: 2 years of college (diploma)
• Technologist: 3 years of college (advanced diploma)
• Engineer: 4 years of university (bachelor's degree) plus 5 years of training as an Engineer-in-Training (EIT) and a successful attempt at the Professional Engineer (PEng) exam

Of these, only "engineer" is a protected title in Ontario. But you can get additional certification through OACETT to become a Certified Technician (CTech) or Certified Technologist (CT).

So, depending on the person's education and training, they could be called a Network Technician, Network Technologist, or Network Engineer.

In common parlance they will call themselves software or network engineers, but their official title will be something else, a title my company uses is "senior software engineering 1/2/3" the -ing considered enough to change it. It's usually not a big deal unless you falsely represent yourself like this guy is doing or you're going through a legal process (I got a US work visa and the lawyers stressed that I should not refer to myself as an engineer during any immigration process unless I really was one for instance).

In Ontario, basically the professional engineering organization complains about people using the term Software Engineer, and occasionally goes after a big company because of it, meanwhile on a day to day basis everyone uses the term anyways.

If you're applying for jobs from companies that are not based in this province, and refuse to call yourself a software engineer, you'll be passed over for someone equally qualified from one state over who will.

When you're on a team and you're the only one in Ontario, you're not going to insist that you don't refer to your team as the engineering team.

If you're applying to an Ontario company, that's usually when you'll start seeing them respect the distinction more, but even then, jobs will almost always just be posted for developers because most places don't actually care about the distinction and want both to apply.