I'll give an example. At my previous company there was a program where you basically select a start date, select an end date, select the system and press a button and it reaches out to a database and pulls all the data following that matches those parameters. The horrors of this were 1. The queries were hard coded.

They were stored in a configuration file, in xml format.
The queries were not 1 entry. It was 4, a start, the part between start date and end date, the part between end date and system and then the end part. All of these were then concatenated in the program intermixed with variables.
This was then sent to the server as pure sql, no orm.
Here's my favorite part. You obviously don't want anyone modifying the configuration file so they encrypted it. Now I know what you're thinking at some point you probably will need to modify or add to the configuration so you store an unencrypted version in a secure location. Nope! The program had the ability to encrypt and decrypt but there were no visible buttons to access those functions. The program was written in winforms. You had to open the program in visual studio, manually expand the size of the window(locked size in regular use) and that shows the buttons. Now run the program in debug. Press the decrypt button. DO NOT EXIT THE PROGRAM! Edit the file in a text editor. Save file. Press the encrypt button. Copy the encrypted file to any other location on your computer. Close the program. Manually email the encrypted file to anybody using the file.

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[–] halloween_spookster@lemmy.world 31 points 1 day ago

Our CFO's social security number, contact info, and just about everything you'd need to impersonate them inside a random shell script that was being passed around like drugs at a party for anyone to use. Oh and it had an API key to our payments processor hard coded into it.

That was the tip of the iceberg of how bad the systems were at the company. All of these are from the same company:

A fintech based company with no billing team
An event system that didn't event
A permissions system that didn't administer permissions
A local cache for authentication sessions. Which means that requests would intermittently fail auth because the session was only on one replica. If you hit any of the other ones, you'd get an unauthenticated error
A metrics collection system that silently lost 90% of it's data
Constant outages due to poorly designed and implemented systems (and lack of metrics... hmmm)
Everything when I joined was a single gigantic monolith that was so poorly implemented they had to run at least 3 different versions of it in different modes to serve different use cases (why the fuck did you make it a monolith then?!)
The subscriptions system was something like 20 or 30 database tables. And they were polymorphic. No one could touch the system without it breaking or that person declaring failure, which leads me to ...
A database schema with over 350 tables, many of which were join tables that should have been on the original table (fuck you scala/java for the limitations to the number of fields you can have in a case class). Yes you read that right. Table A joined to table B just to fill in some extra data that was 1:1 with table A. Repeat that a few dozen times
History tables. Not separate from the original table, but a table that contained the entire history of a given piece of data. The worst example was with those extraneous join tables I just mentioned. If you went and changed a toggle from true to false to true to false, you'd have 4 records in the same table. One for each of those small changes. You'd have to constantly try to figure out what the 'latest' version of the data was. Now try joining 5 tables together, all of them in this pattern.
Scala... I could go on a tirade about how bad scala is but needless to say, how many different error handling mechanisms are there? Scala decided to mix all of them together in a blender and use them all together. Scala is just two white paper languages in a trenchcoat. Never use it in a production system
A dashboard for "specialists" that was so easy to overwhelm that you could do it by breathing on it due to the LACK of events that it needed
Passwords stored in plain text (admittedly this was in the systems of the company we acquired while I was there). Doesn't matter if they were actually , they were visible in a dashboard accessible by employees. Might as well have been plain text
A payments system that leaked it's state into a huge part of the rest of the system. The system ended up being bifurcated across two systems, I was brought in to try to clean up some of the mess after only a couple of months. I desperately tried to get some help because I couldn't do it solo. They ended up giving me the worst engineer I've ever worked with in my 15 year career, and I've seen some bad engineers. Looking back, I'm reasonably confident he was shoving our codebase into an AI system (before it was approved/secured, so who knows who had access) and not capable of making changes himself. I could make several posts about this system on its own
I could go on but I'll cut it off there